Description

Lipoamido-dPEG®24-acid, product number QBD-10811, is a single molecular weight, discrete PEG (dPEG®) surface modification reagent for metal surfaces, especially gold and silver. The hydrophilic dPEG®24 spacer is 85 atoms (99 Å) long. The lipoamide moiety rapidly forms stable dative bonds with gold or silver. Using a carbodiimide such as EDC and an acylating agent such N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), the propionic acid group will react with free amines to form amide bonds. The water-soluble, non-immunogenic dPEG® spacer adds hydrodynamic volume to conjugates made with this product. For circulating nanoparticles, the increased hydrodynamic volume reduces or eliminates opsonization and facilitates a longer circulation time in vivo.

Lipoic acid, also known as thioctic acid and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), is an organosulfur compound used by cells as an essential cofactor. The sulfur atoms at positions C6 and C8 form a disulfide bond in a five (5)-membered ring. Like other thiol products, lipoic acid readily forms dative bonds with gold, silver, and other metals. Because two dative bonds form for each molecule of lipoic acid, the thiol-metal dative bond is more stable than dative bonds formed with compounds containing one free thiol atom. Lipoic acid exists typically in an oxidized (closed ring) state. It is readily reduced to an open ring state called dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) or other reducing agents.

Specifications

Documents

References

Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA 01803, April, 2008 (ISBN-13: 978-0-12-370501-3; ISBN-10: 0-12-370501-0), pp. 188-190, 458-497, 924-935.

Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd Edition, Elsevier, Waltham, MA 02451, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-382239-0; See Chapter 18, Discrete PEG Reagents, pp. 787-821, for a full overview of the dPEG® products.

Compact Biocompatible Quantum Dots Functionalized for Cellular Imaging. Wenhao Liu, Mark Howarth, Andrew B. Greytak, Yi Zheng, Daniel G. Nocera, Alice Y. Ting, and Moungi G. Bawendi. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130 (4) pp 1274–1284. January 5, 2008. DOI: 10.1021/ja076069p.

Description

Lipoamido-dPEG®8-acid, product number QBD-10806, is a single molecular weight, discrete PEG (dPEG®) surface modification reagent for metal surfaces, especially gold and silver. The hydrophilic dPEG®8 spacer is 36 atoms (41.2 Å) long. The lipoamide moiety rapidly forms stable dative bonds with gold or silver. Using a carbodiimide such as EDC and an acylating agent such N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), the propionic acid group will react with free amines to form amide bonds. The water-soluble, non-immunogenic dPEG® spacer adds hydrodynamic volume to conjugates made with this product. For circulating nanoparticles, the increased hydrodynamic volume reduces or eliminates opsonization and facilitates a longer circulation time in vivo.

Lipoic acid, also known as thioctic acid and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), is an organosulfur compound used by cells as an essential cofactor. The sulfur atoms at positions C6 and C8 form a disulfide bond in a five (5)-membered ring. Like other thiol products, lipoic acid readily forms dative bonds with gold, silver, and other metals. Because two dative bonds form for each molecule of lipoic acid, the thiol-metal dative bond is more stable than dative bonds formed with compounds containing one free thiol atom. Lipoic acid exists typically in an oxidized (closed ring) state. It is readily reduced to an open ring state called dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) or other reducing agents.

Specifications

Documents

References

Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA 01803, April, 2008 (ISBN-13: 978-0-12-370501-3; ISBN-10: 0-12-370501-0), pp 188-190, 458-497, 924-935.

Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd Edition, Elsevier, Waltham, MA 02451, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-382239-0; See Chapter 18, Discrete PEG Reagents, pp. 787-821, for a full overview of the dPEG® products.

Site-Specific Conjugation of Antibody on Gold Nanoparticle Surface for One-Step Diagnosis of Prostate Specific Antigen with Dynamic Light Scattering. Nur Mustafaoglu, Tanyel Kiziltepe, and Basar Bilgicer. Nanoscale. 2017, pp 1-32. May 18, 2017. DOI: 10.1039/C7NR03096G.

Single-wavelength-excited flurogenic nanoprobe for accurate realtime ratiometric analysis of broad pH fluctuations in mitophagy. Xin Zhang, Juan Chen, Jiwen Hu, Anna du Rietz, Xiongyu Wu, Ruilong Zhang, Zhongping Zhang, Kajsa Uvdal & Zhangjun Hu. SpringerLink. 2022. May 11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4325-3.

Description

Lipoamido-dPEG®4-acid, product number QBD-10806, is a single molecular weight, discrete PEG (dPEG®) surface modification reagent for metal surfaces, especially gold and silver. The hydrophilic dPEG®4 spacer is 24 atoms (27.5 Å) long. The lipoamide moiety rapidly forms stable dative bonds with gold or silver. Using a carbodiimide such as EDC and an acylating agent such N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), the propionic acid group will react with free amines to form amide bonds. The water-soluble, non-immunogenic dPEG® spacer adds hydrodynamic volume to conjugates made with this product. For circulating nanoparticles, the increased hydrodynamic volume reduces or eliminates opsonization and facilitates a longer circulation time in vivo.

Lipoic acid, also known as thioctic acid and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), is an organosulfur compound used by cells as an essential cofactor for several enzymes in aerobic respiration. The sulfur atoms at positions C6 and C8 form a disulfide bond in a five (5)-membered ring. Like other thiol products, lipoic acid readily forms dative bonds with gold, silver, and other metals. Because two dative bonds form for each molecule of lipoic acid, the thiol-metal dative bond is more stable than dative bonds formed with compounds containing one free thiol atom. Lipoic acid exists typically in an oxidized (closed ring) state. It is readily reduced to an open ring state called dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) or other reducing agents.

Specifications

Documents

References

Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA 01803, April, 2008 (ISBN-13: 978-0-12-370501-3; ISBN-10: 0-12-370501-0), pp. 188-190, 458-497, 924-935.

Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd Edition, Elsevier, Waltham, MA 02451, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-382239-0; See Chapter 18, Discrete PEG Reagents, pp. 787-821, for a full overview of the dPEG® products.

Site-Specific Conjugation of Antibody on Gold Nanoparticle Surface for One-Step Diagnosis of Prostate Specific Antigen with Dynamic Light Scattering. Nur Mustafaoglu, Tanyel Kiziltepe, and Basar Bilgicer. Nanoscale. 2017, pp 1-32. May 18, 2017. DOI: 10.1039/C7NR03096G.

Gastrointestinal Bioavailability of 2.0 nm Diameter Gold Nanoparticles. Candice A. Smith, Carrie A. Simpson, Ganghyeok Kim, Carly J. Carter, and Daniel L. Feldheim. ACS Nano. 2013, 7 (5) pp 3991–3996. April 21, 2013. DOI: 10.1021/nn305930e.

Compact Biocompatible Quantum Dots Functionalized for Cellular Imaging. Wenhao Liu, Mark Howarth, Andrew B. Greytak, Yi Zheng, Daniel G. Nocera, Alice Y. Ting, and Moungi G. Bawendi. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130 (4) pp 1274–1284. January 5, 2008. DOI: 10.1021/ja076069p.

Description

Bis-dPEG®5-acid, product number QBD-10230, is a short, monodisperse, homobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) compound designed for crosslinking amines. Two propionic acid groups terminate either end of a discrete PEG (dPEG®) chain. These two end groups can be coupled directly to amines using a carbodiimide such as EDC. Alternatively, the carboxylate ends can be functionalized as active esters. Reactive groups such as NHS, TFP, PFP, and HOBt are suitable for this purpose. Reaction with various amines follows the activation step.

The hydrophilic dPEG® spacer imparts water solubility and flexibility to molecules to which it is conjugated. Moreover, conjugates containing dPEG® moieties have increased hydrodynamic volume. Also, the non-immunogenic crosslinker reduces or eliminates the antigenicity of the resulting conjugates.

Peptides, proteins, amine-containing biomolecules, and small molecules with primary or secondary amine groups can all be crosslinked with Bis-dPEG®5-acid. It may also be useful for peptide stapling or as a building block for macromolecular constructs.

Specifications

Documents

References

1. Greg T. Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd Edition, Elsevier, Waltham, MA 02451, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-382239-0; See Chapter 18, Discrete PEG Reagents, pp. 787-821, for a full overview of the dPEG® products.